Anatomical Atlases
This site offers selected images from the National Library of Medicine's anatomical atlas collection, with an emphasis on images and not texts.
Where to Find...
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A wide range of titles from the historical book collection have been digitized and more are being scanned every day. Digitized books are available for reading and download in the NLM Digital Collections. You can browse by subject, author, title, date, and more, or explore one of the collections below.
- Medicine in the Americas, 1610-1920
- Cholera Online, 1817 to 1900
- World War 1, 1914-1918
- World War 2, 1939-1949
- NLM Publications and Productions
- Unique English Imprints, pre-1800
- Incunabula
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The historical book collection provides a rich resource for studying every aspect of medicine and health in the past, including related areas of social, economic, and intellectual history.
While not as current as the online LocatorPlus Catalog, the following printed catalogs, available in NLM Digital Collections, are useful.
- John B. Blake, A Short Title Catalogue of Eighteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (1979)
- Richard J. Durling, A Catalogue of Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (1967)
- Peter A. Krivatsy, A Catalogue of Incunabula and Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine, First Supplement (1971)
- Peter A. Krivatsy, A Catalogue of Seventeenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine (1989)
- Dorothy M. Schullian, A Catalogue of Incunabula and Manuscripts in the Army Medical Library (1950)
- Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office (U.S. Army, 61 volumes in 5 series, 1880–1961)
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The journal collection includes bound and unbound medical journals dating from the 17th century through 1870. To find journal articles in the history of medicine, in addition to the LocatorPlus Catalog use the following online and print resources:
Full Text Articles
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PubMed Central®
PubMed Central® (PMC) is a free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine (NIH/NLM).
Go to PubMed Central
Article Citations
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PubMed
PubMed comprises more than 25 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. Citations may include links to full-text content from PubMed Central and publisher web sites. To find journal articles in the history of medicine, click Limits on the PubMed homepage and select Subset 'History of Medicine'. For help with finding historical materials in PubMed, visit the customer support knowledge base. To learn more about finding older journal articles see the Index Medicus Chronology (archived).
Go to PubMed
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Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office
Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office (Print) or IndexCat™ (Online) – Includes journal articles in the history of medicine published from the 17th-20th century.
Go to IndexCat™
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Index Medicus
Index-Medicus (Print) – From 1879 to 2004, Index Medicus was a comprehensive bibliographic index of medical journal articles.
Learn more about Index Medicus
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Bibliography of the History of Medicine
Bibliography of the History of Medicine (Print) - Includes journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers and proceedings published from 1965–1993. The Bibliography, a printed version of the discontinued HISTLINE database, was published in six cumulative volumes (1965-1993), and is useful for pre-1993 material. The Bibliography can be consulted in the Reading Room and at many large research and medical school libraries.
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The world-renowned NLM collection holds over 580 incunabula titles on subjects relating to science and medicine, from printed classical works of Galen and Hippocrates to materials on the plague and other "pestilences." The word incunabula comes from the Latin word cuna (cradle) and refers to books printed during the infancy of printing, which dates from the invention of moveable type (c. 1455) until 1500. Also included in NLM’s incunabula collection are undated works previously believed to have been printed prior to 1501, but subsequently dated by scholars to the 16th century.
NLM is working to digitize and make freely available items from the incunabula collection. NLM Digital Collections includes over one hundred and fifty items from the collection. This digital collection will grow over time as the Library scans more incunabula titles.
While not as current as the online LocatorPlus Catalog, the following printed catalogs are useful.
- Dorothy M. Schullian, A Catalogue of Incunabula and Manuscripts in the Army Medical Library (1950)
- Peter A. Krivatsy, A Catalogue of Incunabula and Sixteenth Century Printed Books in the National Library of Medicine, First Supplement (1971)
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NLM historical collections house a large collection of archives and manuscripts related the history of medicine. Most of the archival and manuscript material dates from the 17th century; however, the Library owns about 200 pre-1601 European and Islamic manuscripts. The oldest item in the Library is an Arabic manuscript on gastrointestinal diseases from al-Razi's The Comprehensive Book on Medicine (Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb) dated 1094. For modern manuscripts (17th century to the present) please visit the Archives and Papers collection.
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Islamic Manuscripts (11th–19th century)
Includes about 300 Persian, Arabic, and Turkish manuscripts, dating from 1094.
See also:
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Medieval Manuscripts (12th century)
Includes examples and historical context for the Library’s medieval manuscript holdings.
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The East Asian collection holds approximately 3,000 books, manuscripts, prints, photographs, and pieces of ephemera from Japan, China, and Korea dating from the 15th-20th century. Nearly 1,000 items date from before 1850.
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The Library has recently begun a project to catalog the East Asian collection online using vernacular characters. We are also undertaking a project to microfilm the collection in order to make the texts available to other libraries in the U.S. and Asia. Texts of the online records have been transliterated to show romanized author and title information. The Library has recently begun a project to catalog the records using vernacular characters. The Japanese collection can be searched with keyword HMDJPN.
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While many pamphlets, dissertations, and reports may be found in the LocatorPlus Catalog, uncataloged dissertations, pamphlets, and unbound reports can be searched in the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office (Print) or IndexCat™ (Online), or Ask a Librarian for assistance with a particular title.
Pamphlets (16th–20th century)
The pamphlet collection includes over 100,000 pamphlets (short essays, treatises, articles, etc., often unbound) dating from the 16th-20th century, covering a wide range of medically-related topics. The majority of items in the pamphlet collection have records in LocatorPlus. All the pre-1801 and about 50,000 19th and 20th century pamphlets do not yet have records in LocatorPlus. Many of them can be found by searching in the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office (Print) or IndexCat™ (Online)
Dissertations (16th–20th century)
The collection of dissertations and theses on medical subjects are primarily from American and European universities and date from the 16th–20th century. Some 20,000 dissertations in the collection were printed before 1801 and about 180,000 since 1800. Search the LocatorPlus Catalog for pre-1801 dissertations and theses.
Reports (19th–20th Century)
The collection includes published reports of hospitals, medical schools, and organizations, as well as reports of state, local, and federal health-related agencies, mostly dealing with such matters as disease prevention, hygiene, and safety. Most of this material dates from the 19th and 20th century.
Imperial Russian Era (pre - 1917)
Collection of 5,000 pamphlets and dissertations for degrees in medicine, pharmacy, and veterinary science. Search the LocatorPlus Catalog using keyword HMDRUS.
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Uncataloged dissertations, pamphlets, and unbound reports are not in the Library catalog (LocatorPlus). This material can be searched in the Index-Catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon-General’s Office (Print) or IndexCat (Online), and in the Library’s old card catalog. Patrons can use the old card catalog in the History of Medicine Reading Room, or Ask a Reference Librarian for assistance with a particular title.
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Traditional Chinese Medicine
The National Library of Medicine (NLM) holds approximately 2,000 volumes of Chinese medical classics. Here we display a few of the earliest and most interesting texts from the NLM collection.
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Historical Anatomies on the Web
Historical Anatomies on the Web is a digital project designed to give Internet users access to high quality images from important anatomical atlases in the Library’s collection.
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