By 1985, researchers had determined that AIDS could only be spread through the exchange of bodily fluids such as blood and semen. Yet Ryan White, an HIV-positive thirteen-year-old, was banned from attending middle school because of concerns that he could infect fellow students and school employees. White, who had contracted the disease from a blood transfusion, became a national symbol for both people with AIDS and the power of ignorance and hatred. White responded to the vitriol with a consistent claim to fair and just treatment for all people with AIDS. His legacy, in the recently extended Ryan White Care Act, has improved care and support for people with AIDS nationwide.