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Gallery: Psychiatric Debates

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A man stands in the courtyard as a woman patient is freed from her chains; other women patients are chained to wooden posts attached to a building.
A scowling woman with her arms held in a gown sitting with her feet drawn up on a bench, and leaning against a tiled wall.
A man slumped on a chair, wearing a harness to inhibit mobility.
A man sitting on the floor hugging his knees wearing a robe, his hands tucked in the sleeves and the collar up over his mouth.
A man is sitting in a chair wearing a gown with the end of each long sleeve tied to the opposite side of the chair.
Front and back view of a man wearing a shoulder harness to immobilize his arms, and with his ankles shackled
An illustration of cell made of wooden slats raised up off the floor, with a small square opening at head height, fastened closed with bars and padlocks.
An illustration of a circular plate of metal approx. 1/4 inch thick on which is a 1/2 inch opening; a T-shaped handle is attached.
Front elevation and first floor plan of a sprawling building of three floors.

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A man sitting on the floor hugging his knees wearing a robe, his hands tucked in the sleeves and the collar up over his mouth.

“Aliéné en démence,” 1838

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About the Book

Printed title page with Surgeon General’s Library stamp.

Des maladies mentales considérées sous les rapports médicale, hygiénique et médico-légal, by Etienne Esquirol (Paris, 1838)

Etienne Esquirol’s work Des maladies… consists of two volumes and an atlas of lithographs.

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A man stands in the courtyard as a woman patient is freed from her chains; other women patients are chained to wooden posts attached to a building.
Dr. Philippe Pinel at the Salpêriere Hospital, Paris
A scowling woman with her arms held in a gown sitting with her feet drawn up on a bench, and leaning against a tiled wall.
“Maniac, during attack and after recovery” 1838
A man slumped on a chair, wearing a harness to inhibit mobility.
“Idiot,” 1838
A man is sitting in a chair wearing a gown with the end of each long sleeve tied to the opposite side of the chair.
“Idiot,” 1838